El acoso sexual en la universidad: la visión del alumnado / Sexual harassment in the university: The students' visión

Resumen Introducción/objetivo: El acoso sexual es una de las violencias que más debe preocupar a la comunidad educativa, por ello, el objetivo de este estudio consiste en analizar los conocimientos, las percepciones y las actitudes de los y las estudiantes universitarios hacia el acoso sexual. Método: Desde un enfoque cualitativo se han realizado diez entrevistas individuales a estudiantes (seis alumnas y cuatro alumnos) y ocho grupos de discusión heterogéneos formados por 67 estudiantes. Todos pertenecientes a una universidad de carácter público situada en el noroeste de España. Resultados: El alumnado tiene pocos conocimientos sobre el acoso sexual y, además, no recibe formación que le otorgue las herramientas que le permitan identificarlo y combatirlo. Asimismo, la mayoría de los/as participantes expresa que el acoso sexual es habitual en el entorno académico, pero que está invisibilizado. A través de sus propias palabras se identifica que perciben actitudes permisivas hacia el acoso sexual por parte de los/as docentes y de la universidad, considerando que no hay una verdadera implicación para intervenir en las situaciones de acoso. Conclusiones: Es necesario que la universidad se comprometa a implementar estrategias de prevención e intervención, con el propósito de identificar, sancionar y erradicar todas y cada una de las formas de violencia, incluido el acoso sexual.

Abstract Introduction/objective: Sexual harassment is one of the types of violence that should most concern the educational community, consequently, the objective of this study is to analyze the knowledge, perceptions and attitudes of university students towards sexual harassment. Method: From a qualitative approach, ten individual interviews were carried out with students (six female students and four male students) and eight heterogeneous discussion groups made up of 67 students. All of them belong to a public university located in the northwest of Spain. Results: The students have little knowledge about sexual harassment and, in addition, they do not receive training that gives them the tools that allow them to identify and combat it. Likewise, most of the participants express that sexual harassment is common in the academic environment, but that it is invisible. Through their own words, it is identified that they perceive permissive attitudes towards sexual harassment on the part of teachers and the university, considering that there is no real implication to intervene in harassment situations. Conclusions: It is necessary for the university to commit to implement prevention and intervention strategies, in order to identify, punish and eradicate each and every one of the forms of violence, including sexual harassment.

Experiences of Female Breast Cancer Survivors Concerning Their Return to Work in Spain.

The objective of this study was to analyze the experiences of returning to work of women who had overcome breast cancer, identifying its physical and psychological consequences, the process they underwent, their motivations, and difficulties. A total of 19 female breast cancer survivors, with an age range of 30 to 57 years, participated in two focus groups. A semi-structured script was prepared about their experiences of returning to work. The results indicated that survivors' self-perception was weakened by the physical and psychological consequences of the treatment of the disease; economic difficulties were one of the main reasons for going back to work; lastly, returning to work was a difficult process, mainly because of their physical/psychological limitations, the scarcity of job adaptation measures, and the limited support of the various public administrations. In addition, most of the women had to cope with seeking a new job without any guidance or job training. Significant difficulties related to the maintenance and return to work of female breast cancer survivors have been revealed. Findings highlighted the need to provide more and better information and guidance to cancer patients concerning their return to work or the search for a new job.

Validación de la Escala de Comportamientos de Sexting en Adolescentes: Prevalencia y Consecuencias Asociadas / Validation of the Sexting Behavior Scale in adolescents: Prevalence and associated consequences

El objetivo de este estudio fue triple: validar una versión de la Escala de Comportamientos de Sexting en adolescentes, evaluar la prevalencia de dichos comportamientos y determinar sus consecuencias asociadas. Participaron un total de 1,271 estudiantes(50.8% chicas), con una media de edad de 15.6 (DT = 1.13). Los resultados muestran a través del análisis factorial confirmatorio un buen ajuste por el modelo bidimensional formado por ítems que se agrupan en el envío de fotos y/o vídeos (α = .83) y el envío de mensajes de texto con contenido erótico/sexual (α = .83). Se ha identificado que el 52.8% de los adolescentes han llevado a cabo conductas de sexting, siendo mayor el envío de textos erótico/sexuales (91.7%) que de fotos y/o vídeos (57.8%), y que los chicos son los que más contenidos envían. Además, el 11.6% de los adolescentes fueron obligados a enviar contenido de sexting y el 5.5% fueron chantajeados. (AU)

The objective of this study was threefold: to validate a version of the Sexting Behavior Scale in adolescents, to assess the prevalence of sexting behaviors, and to determine their associated consequences. A total of 1,271 (50.8% girls) students participated, with a mean age of 15.6 (SD = 1.13). The results show through the confirmatory factor analysis a good fit for the two-dimensional model consisting of items that are grouped into sending photos and/or vídeos (α = .83) and sending text messages with erotic/sexual content (α = .83); 52.8% of adolescents have been identified to carry out sexting behaviors, with texts (91.7%) being more erotic/sexual than photos and/or vídeos (57.8%), and boys the ones that most content send. In addition, 11.6% of adolescents were forced to send sexting content and 5.5% of them were blackmailed. (AU)

Sex Education in the Spotlight: What Is Working? Systematic Review.

Adolescence, a period of physical, social, cognitive and emotional development, represents a target population for sexual health promotion and education when it comes to achieving the 2030 Agenda goals for sustainable and equitable societies. The aim of this study is to provide an overview of what is known about the dissemination and effectiveness of sex education programs and thereby to inform better public policy making in this area. Methodology: We carried out a systematic review based on international scientific literature, in which only peer-reviewed papers were included. To identify reviews, we carried out an electronic search of the Cochrane Database Reviews, ERIC, Web of Science, PubMed, Medline, Scopus and PsycINFO. This paper provides a narrative review of reviews of the literature from 2015 to 2020. Results: 20 reviews met the inclusion criteria (10 in school settings, 9 using digital platforms and 1 blended learning program): they focused mainly on reducing risk behaviors (e.g., VIH/STIs and unwanted pregnancies), whilst obviating themes such as desire and pleasure, which were not included in outcome evaluations. The reviews with the lowest risk of bias are those carried out in school settings and are the ones that most question the effectiveness of sex education programs. Whilst the reviews of digital platforms and blended learning show greater effectiveness in terms of promoting sexual and reproductive health in adolescents (ASRH), they nevertheless also include greater risks of bias. Conclusion: A more rigorous assessment of the effectiveness of sexual education programs is necessary, especially regarding the opportunities offered by new technologies, which may lead to more cost-effective interventions than with in-person programs. Moreover, blended learning programs offer a promising way forward, as they combine the best of face-to-face and digital interventions, and may provide an excellent tool in the new context of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Intimate Partner Cyberstalking, Sexism, Pornography, and Sexting in Adolescents: New Challenges for Sex Education.

BACKGROUND: Within the context of the widespread use of technologies by adolescents, the objectives of this study were to identify the perpetrators of intimate partner cyberstalking (IPCS) in adolescents; to analyze the relationship between IPCS and gender, age, sexting behaviors, pornography consumption, and ambivalent sexism; and to investigate the influence of the study variables as predictors of IPCS and determine their moderating role. METHODS: Participants were 993 Spanish students of Secondary Education, 535 girls and 458 boys with mean age 15.75 (SD = 1.47). Of the total sample, 70.3% (n = 696) had or had had a partner. RESULTS: Boys perform more sexting, consume more pornographic content, and have more hostile and benevolent sexist attitudes than girls. However, girls perpetrate more IPCS than boys. The results of the hierarchical multiple regression indicate that hostile sexism is a predictor of IPCS, as well as the combined effect of Gender × Pornography and Benevolent Sexism × Sexting. CONCLUSIONS: it is essential to implement sexual affective education programs in schools in which Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) are incorporated so that boys and girls can experience their relationships, both offline and online, in an egalitarian and violence-free way.

Preventing Violence toward Sexual and Cultural Diversity: The Role of a Queering Sex Education.

BACKGROUND: The prevailing sex education (SE) model falls within a neoliberal prevention- and risk-oriented paradigm. This model ignores the identity dimension of sexuality, is based on the cis-heteronormative and ethnocentric matrix and stigmatizes sexual and cultural diversity; this has significant consequences for sexually and culturally diverse adolescents and youth. In this study, we explored the potential of the identity dimension of SE to prevent violence toward sexual and cultural diversity. Specifically, our objective was to identify the influence of heteronormative and ethnocentric variables on violence exerted against trans* and gender-diverse people and people from minority ethnic groups. METHODS: A total of 623 Spanish adolescents with a mean age of 14.73 years and an age range of 13 to 18 years participated in the study. Students completed a questionnaire that included measures regarding violence toward sexual and cultural diversity, gender stereotypes, sexist attitudes and rejection of sexual and cultural diversity. We performed two hierarchical linear regression models. RESULTS: Students who exerted the highest amount of violence toward trans* and gender-diverse people were those who showed the lowest endorsement of expressive traits and the highest endorsement of instrumental traits as well as the highest level of hostile sexist, heteronormative and hostile racist attitudes (the five predictor variables explained 29.1% of the variance of gender-bashing). These same variables-except expressiveness-and benevolent sexism explained 46.1% of the variance of rejection of minority ethnic groups. CONCLUSIONS: There is a need for a comprehensive, intercultural, critical and queer SE aimed at transforming the classroom into a space that promotes social transformation through an educational practice that is transgressive and critical of cis-heteronormativity and normative ethnocentrism.

Gender-Bashing in Adolescents: Structural Relations with Heterosexual Matrix, Racism/Xenophobia and Attitudes Toward Bullying.

BACKGROUND: This study examined the combined influence of gender variables (specifically gender stereotypes, sexism, and genderism/transphobia) as well as racism/xenophobia and attitudes toward bullying roles on gender-bashing. METHODS: A trans-cultural sample of 2410 Spanish and Portuguese students participated in the study (mean age = 15.13). Structural equation modeling and multiple group analyses were used to examine the relationships among variables. RESULTS: The model revealed a good fit with the data for the whole sample. Results showed that instrumentality, hostile sexism, genderism/transphobia, racism/xenophobia, and positive attitudes toward the bully were positively correlated with gender-bashing. An inverse pattern was also observed: expressiveness, benevolent sexism, and positive attitudes toward the defender were negatively correlated with gender-bashing. Overall, the eight variables explained 48% of the variance of gender-bashing. Structural relationships among the assessed constructs were equivalent for girls and boys, and for Spain and Portugal. CONCLUSIONS: These results reveal the need to implement inclusive educational policies to improve school health, which promote expressiveness, egalitarian attitudes, and sexual and cultural diversity.

Evolution of quality of life and health-related behaviors among Spanish university students.

At the beginning of their academic studies (testing phase), the quality of life and certain health-related behaviors were evaluated. Four years later (retest phase), they were reevaluated. Between the two evaluation periods, a health promotion (HP) program was applied. The battery of instruments included measures: health-related quality of life (HRQOL), alcoholic and nicotine dependence, eating habits, physical activity, and sexual behaviors. It also included a number of sociodemographic data. The results show that, in general, the students reported adequate levels of HRQOL, and there were no important differences between the two evaluation moments. Regarding dietary behavior, no significant changes were detected in the pattern of adherence to the Mediterranean diet, which remained at an average level of adequacy. On the contrary, significant decreases were detected in relation to alcohol and tobacco dependence as well as significant increases in physical activity levels. Lastly, with regard to sexual behavior, although certain aspects of improvement were perceived, there is a need to increase awareness of the systematic use of condoms. In conclusion, this study provides relevant information that will serve as a starting point for monitoring changes in health behaviors and for the design and implementation of HP actions directed at university students.

Del sexting al cibercontrol en las relaciones de pareja de adolescentes españoles: análisis de sus argumentos / From sexting to cybercontrol among dating teens in Spain: an analysis of their arguments

Resumen El objetivo de este estudio consiste en profundizar en el fenómeno del sexting y en sus dinámicas de ciberviolencia dentro de las relaciones de pareja de adolescentes, para ello, se van a analizar los comportamientos de sexting, las estrategias empleadas, las justificaciones y las consecuencias del sexting en función del género y el lugar de procedencia. Mediante una metodología cualitativa se realizaron 20 grupos de discusión en los que participaron 222 adolescentes, un 54% chicas y un 46% chicos, con un rango de edad de los 14 a los 18 años de centros educativos de educación secundaria de España. Los resultados evidencian que el sexting es una práctica habitual en los adolescentes y también en el marco de una relación de pareja. Los que más contenido de sexting envían son los chicos y las chicas del medio urbano y los chicos del ámbito semi-rural y rural. Entre los motivos principales de los chicos para practicar sexting están lograr una relación sexual, mientras que las justificaciones de las chicas son tener o mantener una relación afectiva de pareja. Además, las peores consecuencias del sexting son para las chicas. Tanto chicos como chicas afirman ejercer violencia de control en línea sobre sus parejas afectivas, aunque son las chicas quienes más lo manifiestan. La desconfianza y los celos hacia la pareja son los principales motivos para ejercer este cibercontrol.

Abstract The goal of this study is to examine in greater depth the phenomenon of sexting and its dynamics of cyberviolence in teens' relationships. For this purpose, sexting behaviors, the strategies employed, and the justifications and consequences of sexting as a function of gender and place of origin will be analyzed. Using a qualitative methodology, 20 focus groups were performed, involving 222 teenagers, 54% girls and 46% boys, ranging in age from 14 to 18 years, from schools of Secondary Education (Spain). The results show that sexting is a common practice in adolescents of both genders and also in the context of a relationship. Boys and girls from the urban environment and boys from the rural and semi-rural area send more sexting contents. Boys' main reasons for sexting are to achieve a sexual relationship, whereas the girls' justifications are to have or maintain an emotional relationship. In addition, girls suffer the worst consequences of sexting. Both boys and girls cibercontrol their affectiva partners, though girls expressed it more. Jealousy and distrust of the partner are the main reasons for exercising this cybercontrol.

El Sexting a través del discurso de adolescentes españoles / Sexting through the Spanish adolescent discourse

Resumen El objetivo de esta investigación fue indagar en las prácticas de sexting en un grupo de adolescentes españoles y contribuir así a su mejor comprensión a través de una investigación novedosa en España. Se pretende descubrir los conocimientos que los/las adolescentes tienen sobre el fenómeno del sexting y averiguar en sus comportamientos y motivaciones hacia el sexting, revelando si perciben consecuencias de este tipo de conducta. A través de la aproximación cualitativa se realizaron ocho focus group, conformados por 89 adolescentes, que tenían entre 14 y 18 años. Entre los resultados se destacan el desconocimiento del concepto de sexting, llegando incluso a confundirlo con el acoso y el chantaje. Aunque solo un quinto de los y las participantes reconoce practicar sexting, admiten que es una práctica muy frecuente entre la gente de sus edades, especialmente entre las chicas. Los motivos que aluden para justificar su participación en comportamientos de sexting son fundamentalmente de carácter sexual, mientras que señalan que la gente de sus edades sextea por diversión, aburrimiento o por estar de moda. Asimismo, reconocen que hay ciertos riesgos derivados de las conductas de sexting, que afectan más negativamente a las chicas. Además, la gran parte de los/las jóvenes son conocedores de situaciones entre sus iguales de coacciones y chantajes para enviar contenido erótico-sexual, así como de otras realidades como el ciberacoso y el ciberstalking.

Abstract The objective of this research was to investigate the practices of sexting in a group of Spanish adolescents and thus contribute to their better understanding through a novel research in Spain. The aim is to discover the knowledge that adolescents have about the phenomenon of sexting and to investigate their behaviors and motivations towards sexting, revealing if they perceive consequences of this type of behavior. Through the qualitative approach, eight focus groups were made, composed of 89 adolescents, from 14 to 18 years old. Among the results they emphasize the ignorance of the concept of sexting, even confusing it with harassment and blackmail. Although only a fifth of the participants recognize practicing sexting, they admit that it is a very frequent practice among people of their age, especially among girls. The reasons they allude to justify their participation in sexting behaviors are fundamentally sexual in nature, while they point out that people of their age carry out sexting behavior for fun, boredom or for being fashionable. They also recognize there are certain risks derived from sexting behaviors, which affect girls more negatively. In addition, most young people are aware of situations of coercion and blackmail among their peers to send erotic-sexual content, as well as other realities such as cyberbullying and cyberstalking.

Elderly victims of gender violence in Portugal: Invisible and not heard?

In this article, we explore professionals' representations of elderly female victims of gender violence. Semi-structured interviews were used to explore seven professionals' work philosophies and intervention methodologies in their work with elderly female victims of violence, their main problems and difficulties, and their perspectives regarding shelters for elderly women. Results show that there are no specific philosophies and methodologies to intervene with these victims. There is a tendency to homogenize all the victims of gender violence, regardless of their age and specific needs. The professionals also tended to trivialize gender violence against elderly female victims, considering that these women tolerate violence.

Class Anxiety in Secondary Education: Exploring Structural Relations with Perceived Control, Engagement, Disaffection, and Performance.

The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between class-related anxiety with perceived control, teacher-reported behavioral engagement, behavioral disaffection, and academic performance. Participants were 355 compulsory secondary students (9th and 10th grades; Mean age = 15.2 years; SD = 1.8 years). Structural equation models revealed performance was predicted by perceived control, anxiety, disaffection, and engagement. Perceived control predicted anxiety, disaffection, and engagement. Anxiety predicted disaffection and engagement, and partially mediated the effects from control on disaffection (ß = -.277, p < .005; CI = -.378, -.197) and engagement (ß = .170, p < .002; CI = .103 .258). The negative association between anxiety and performance was mediated by engagement and disaffection (ß = -.295, p < .002; CI = -.439, -.182). Anxiety, engagement, and disaffection mediated the effects of control on performance (ß = .352, p < .003; CI = .279, .440). The implications of these results are discussed in the light of current theory and educational interventions.

Violencia en parejas transexuales, transgénero e intersexuales: una revisión bibliográfica / Violence in transsexual, transgender and intersex couples: a systematic review

La violencia de pareja afecta a personas transexuales, transgénero e intersexuales y así se visibiliza en investigaciones a nivel nacional e internacional. En este estudio teórico se ha llevado a cabo una revisión sistemática de las investigaciones realizadas con estos colectivos. Se realiza una revisión exhaustiva de las principales bases de datos con el fin de identificar todos los estudios relativos a esta temática. Se obtiene un total de 28 investigaciones sobre violencia en parejas transexuales, transgénero e intersexuales. De las cuales se ha analizado el tipo de muestra, el método e instrumento utilizado, así como sus principales resultados. Los resultados ponen de relieve que la aproximación de estudio más frecuentemente utilizada es la de tipo cuantitativo, especialmente centrada en el colectivo transexual. En relación a la prevalencia se observa una gran variabilidad, con un rango del 18 al 80%, constituyendo un problema de salud pública. Las mujeres trans son las que sufren más significativamente esta violencia, siendo más frecuentemente el miembro normativo de la pareja quien la ejerce. El heterosexismo y la transfobia se han identificado como factores de riesgo. Finalmente se plantea la importancia de incorporar el abordaje de la violencia en relaciones de pareja donde al menos uno de los miembros es transexual, transgénero o intersexual en los programas de prevención de violencia de género.

Intimate partner violence affects transsexual, transgender and intersex individuals and has been approached by national and international research. This theoretical study has carried out a systematic review of research conducted with these groups. An exhaustive review of the main databases was performed to identify all the studies that focus on this subject. Overall, 28 studies were obtained on violence in transsexual, transgender and intersex couples. In each study, we analyzed the type of sample, method and instrument that were used, as well as the main results. The results highlight that the quantitative approach is the most common one, focusing especially on the transsexual community. Concerning prevalence, we observed a great variability, ranging from 18 to 80%, constituting a public health problem. Trans women are the ones who most suffer this type of violence, and the "gender-normative" member of the couple is most frequently the aggressor. Heterosexism and transphobia were identified as risk factors. Finally, the importance of including intimate partner violence in relationships in which at least one of the members is transsexual, transgender or intersex in gender violence prevention programs is highlighted.

Class anxiety in secondary education: exploring structural relations with perceived control, engagement, disaffection, and performance

The aim of this study was to assess the relationships between class-related anxiety with perceived control, teacher-reported behavioral engagement, behavioral disaffection, and academic performance. Participants were 355 compulsory secondary students (9th and 10th grades; Mean age = 15.2 years; SD = 1.8 years). Structural equation models revealed performance was predicted by perceived control, anxiety, disaffection, and engagement. Perceived control predicted anxiety, disaffection, and engagement. Anxiety predicted disaffection and engagement, and partially mediated the effects from control on disaffection (β = -.277, p < .005; CI = -.378, -.197) and engagement (β = .170, p < .002; CI = .103 .258). The negative association between anxiety and performance was mediated by engagement and disaffection(β = -.295, p < .002; CI = -.439, -.182). Anxiety, engagement, and disaffection mediated the effects of control on performance (β = .352, p < .003; CI = .279, .440). The implications of these results are discussed in the light of current theory and educational interventions (AU)

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Spanish adolescents' attitudes toward transpeople: proposal and validation of a short form of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale.

The aim of the present study was to develop and validate a short form of the Genderism and Transphobia Scale and assess adolescents' attitudes toward transpeople. A total of 800 Spanish adolescents aged between 14 and 18 years (50.70% girls, 49.30% boys) completed the Spanish version of the scale and other related questionnaires. The short form of the scale is composed of 12 items clustered into two factors (Transphobia/Genderism and Gender Bashing) that explain 54.22% of the variance. All the items showed good discriminating power, and the present scale demonstrated adequate reliability and validity. In the study, boys exhibited significantly more negative attitudes toward transpeople than girls did, both in the affective/cognitive dimension (Transphobia/Genderism) and in the behavioral dimension (Gender Bashing). Moreover, adolescents showed significantly more negative attitudes toward gender-nonconforming men than toward gender-nonconforming women. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance to the maintenance of discriminatory attitudes toward sexual diversity.

Cognitive Performance in Men and Women Infected with HIV-1.

Introduction. Very few studies have examined the neuropsychological performance of HIV-positive women, and even fewer have attempted a comparison of cognitive functioning by gender. The aim of this study was to describe the nature of the neuropsychological performance of HIV seropositive patients by gender. Methods. A clinical sample made up of 151 subjects was recruited to participate in this study. All of the subjects underwent the same assessment process, consisting of a neuropsychological evaluation and an interview to gather sociodemographic, toxicological, and clinical data. Results and Discussion. Despite the fact that men obtained higher scores in visual memory, attention/psychomotor speed, and abstract reasoning/verbal intelligence, these differences were not statistically significant. In contrast, significant differences were found depending on subjects' serological status. Seropositive participants' neuropsychological performance was significantly lower than that of the seronegative participants in all of the areas assessed as follows: (1) visual memory; (2) attention/psychomotor speed; (3) abstract reasoning/verbal intelligence; (4) verbal memory for texts; (5) verbal memory for digits and words. Conclusions. The results from this study reveal no significant gender differences in the cognitive performance of patients infected with HIV-1.

Validación de la Escala de Homofobia Moderna en una muestra de adolescentes / Validation of the Modern Homophobia Scale in a sample of adolescents

El objetivo de esta investigación es doble, por un lado se ha evaluado la fiabilidad y la validez de la versión española de la Escala de Homofobia Moderna en adolescentes; y por otro, se evaluará tanto los niveles de homofobia que los y las adolescentes tienen, así como la relación de la homofobia con el sexismo ambivalente. La Escala de Homofobia Moderna evalúa actitudes tanto hacía hombres gays (MHS-G) como hacía lesbianas (MHS-L). La muestra quedó formada por un total de 800 estudiantes de Educación Secundaria Obligatoria, de los cuales un 50.7 % son chicas y un 49.3 % chicos, con una media de edad de 15.19 años (DT: 0.92). Los resultados muestran una estructura factorial coherente, con índices de ajuste adecuados. La fiabilidad (siempre superior a 0.80) y la validez externa (con una correlación significativa entre la homofobia con la transfobia y el sexismo). Finalmente, observamos que los chicos expresan significativamente más actitudes de homofobia que sus compañeras. Consideramos por lo tanto, que esta escala es un instrumento útil y preciso para detectar las actitudes homofóbicas sutiles hacia gays y lesbianas (AU)

The objective of this paper is both, to analyse the reliability and validity of the Spanish version of the Modern Homophobia Scale, and to assess the homophobia level of adolescents as well as the association between homophobia and ambivalent sexism. The Modern Homophobia Scale assesses the attitudes toward gay men (MHS-G) and lesbians (MHS-L). The sample was made of 800 Spanish students of Secondary Education (50.7% female and 49.3% male) with ages ranging from 15 to 19 years (mean age = 15.19; SD: 0.92). Results showed a coherent factorial structure with adequate fit indexes. Reliability –alpha over 0.80- and external validity –the gay and lesbians form were significant correlated with transphobia and sexism. Finally, we observed that the boys expressed significantly more homophobic attitudes toward gay men and toward lesbians than girls does. Therefore, this scale is a useful and necessary to detect subtle homophobic attitudes to-ward gays and lesbians (AU)

Bullying among Spanish secondary education students: the role of gender traits, sexism, and homophobia.

The aim of the present study was to assess the combined influence of gender stereotypes, sexism, and homophobia on attitudes toward bullying and bullying behavior. A total of 1,500 Spanish adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age (49.3% girls and 50.7% boys) completed a questionnaire that included measures of bullying, attitudes toward bullying, gender-stereotyped personality traits (instrumentality and expressiveness), hostile and benevolent sexism, and attitudes toward gay men and lesbians. First, the findings demonstrated that boys scored significantly higher on all the variables assessed except on benevolent sexism. Two similar models were obtained for both sexes. Benevolent sexism and, in boys, more positive attitudes toward gay men predicted more negative attitudes toward bullying when mediated by more expressive gender traits. An inverse pattern was also observed: Hostile sexism predicted more favorable attitudes toward bullying when mediated by instrumental gender traits. Attitudes toward bullying were highly correlated with bullying behavior. The five-predictor variables (including attitudes toward bullying) explained 58% of the variance of bullying behavior in girls and 37% of such variance in boys.

Personalidad resistente, calidad de vida y burnout en profesionales de la salud de centros gerontológicos / Hardiness, quality of life and burnout among sociosanitary professionals in gerontological centers

En los últimos años, la calidad de vida relacionada con la salud (CVRS) ha despertado un interés creciente entre los investigadores. Los profesionales sociosanitarios están sometidos a una fuerte presión asistencial por parte de pacientes y familiares, cada vez más críticos y exigentes. Además, diversos factores sociales, tecnológicos y económicos obligan a que se les exija incrementar constantemente su rendimiento laboral sin que casi nunca se piense en su calidad de vida. Pese a ello, existe evidencia de que la insatisfacción laboral influye en la calidad y seguridad de las prestaciones ofrecidas. En el ámbito de la geriatría y la gerontología, el estudio de la CVRS se ha centrado mayoritariamente en pacientes y en cuidadores informales; es muy poco lo publicado con poblaciones de cuidadores formales de personas mayores. El presente estudio ha tenido como finalidad analizar la relación del burnout, la personalidad resistente, el estado de salud y las variables sociodemográficas y laborales con la CVRS en una muestra de cuidadores formales de personas mayores de centros gerontológicos. Los resultados ponen en evidencia la importante relación entre personalidad resistente, burnout, estado de salud actual y ciertas variables sociodemográficas y laborales con la CVRS de estos profesionales...

Intervención y evaluación de un programa de educación afectivo-sexual en la escuela para padres y madres de adolescentes / Intervention and evaluation of a comprehensive sex education programme carried out with parents of teenager students

Se presenta un programa de educación sexual llevado a cabo con padres y madres en un centro de educación secundaria. Éste fue desarrollado de forma paralela al programa realizado con sus hijos y/o hijas adolescentes. Los principales resultados derivados de su evaluación, de carácter procesual y formativo, evidencian un incremento del nivel de satisfacción corporal, autoconcepto y autoestima, así como de sus conocimientos sobre nutrición y órganos sexuales. Se constata también un incremento de actitudes igualitarias hacia ambos sexos y de actitudes erotofílicas hacia la sexualidad. El programa fue valorado positivamente por quienes participaron. Se destacó la importancia de implementar experiencias que, como ésta, supongan una alternativa a la sobredimensionada educación de la inteligencia racional, en pro de un desarrollo integral de la personalidad de los y las adolescentes.

This paper outlines a sex education programme carried out with the parents of secondary school students taking part in a similar programme simultaneously. Results reveal an increase in participants' overall level of satisfaction with their bodies, self-concept, and self-esteem, as well as an increased knowledge about sexual organs and nutrition. There was also a rise in the number of egalitarian attitudes toward the two sexes and positive attitudes toward sexuality. Overall, participants' evaluations of the programme were positive. They pointed out the importance of implementing programmes such as these, which offer an alternative to the traditional model of education centered mainly on rational intelligence, and which encourage more holistic development of personality among teenagers.